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QnA Set # 1

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What is Qi2

Qi2 (Chi Two) is an advancement of an existing wireless power industry standard-based solution developed by WPC (Wireless Power Consortium) and its esteemed members.

How different is Qi2 to Qi

Qi2 addresses quite a few issues present in exciting Qi solution such as foreign object deduction, interoperability, authentication. Also Qi2 comes in two variants. Magnetic based (Similar to Apple’s MagSafe) and standard based solution

What are the two formats of Qi2?

Qi2 is primary solution is supposed to MPP (Magnetic Power Profile) which is magnet-based (MagSafe type) solution. And the other one is EPP (Extended Power Profile) which is exactly same as MPP except the integration of magnetics in receiver and transmitter. Both the solution would enable upto 15W solution in current form with expectation to increase further upto 50W in a phased manner.

What about devices using Qi. Could they be charged on Qi2?

Possibly yes as it would depend on the base solution embedded in those devices. If they are BPP-based (Basic Power Profile) they would seamlessly charge at 5W. If they are EPP based they would charge at 15W. But if they are PPDE (Proprietary Power Delivery Extension) then it would depend upon the transmitter if it supports them.

Anything more about Qi2 is what one would expect or know about?

Based on WAWT research and market intelligence, Qi2 is expected to go much beyond mobile phones such as tablets, laptops, furniture’s, cars, consumer electronics, lighting fixtures. Here I mean not as transmitter for mobile but for wirelessly charging those devices itself. Qi2 is expected to add magic into the wireless charging world. Saying so, there would be any other formats of wireless charging too available in the market, WAWT hopes would be interoperable with each other for betterment of everyone.

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QnA Set # 2

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Which regulatory standards are crucial for power supply systems in our industry?

Adherence to regulatory standards is critical for power supply systems in our industry ensuring safety, reliability, and compliance with international and regional norms. Standards such as UL, IEC, and FCC play pivotal roles, addressing factors like electrical safety, electromagnetic compatibility, and communication protocols.

How do you optimize power supply efficiency across different applications?

Efficiency optimization in power supply across varied applications involves selecting high-efficiency components, utilizing advanced topologies like resonant converters, and implementing dynamic power management. Minimizing resistive losses through effective layout design, leveraging feedback control, and incorporating energy-efficient materials further contribute to enhancing overall efficiency.

Any emerging technologies or trends you anticipate in power supply design over the next few years?

They would include the integration of wide-bandgap semiconductors for enhanced efficiency, the rise of digital power control and management systems for increased flexibility and adaptability, as well as the continued development of wireless power transfer technologies. Additionally, advancements in energy storage solutions and increased emphasis on eco-friendly and sustainable power supply designs are expected to shape the future landscape of power electronics.

How does the efficiency of wireless power transfer compare to traditional wired power supply methods?

Wireless power transfer efficiency is generally lower than traditional wired methods due to energy losses in transmission. While wired connections have minimal losses, wireless power systems encounter challenges such as electromagnetic interference, distance-related power attenuation, and conversion losses. Despite these efficiency differences, ongoing advancements in wireless power technology aim to narrow the gap, making wireless solutions increasingly viable for various applications where convenience and flexibility outweigh the efficiency trade-offs.

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QnA Set # 3

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Has wireless power technology really been invented?

Yes, wireless power transmission has been invented. It uses electromagnetic fields to transfer power without the need for physical wires and cables. This technology is already in use to wirelessly charge devices such as electric toothbrushes, smartphones smartwatches, and medical devices as well as high-power applications like wirelessly charging electric vehicles, AGVs/AMRs. Researchers are continuously working towards improving the power levels and energy efficiency and reducing distance limitations.

Will there be home appliances that can be wirelessly powered having no cords?

Wireless power transmissions for small home appliances are already underway. As technology advances, several myths related to energy efficiency, high-power transmission, safety considerations, as well as regulatory requirements need to be addressed before we witness widespread adoption. With a few wireless power solutions already under development and at an advanced stage, sooner we will be cutting the cords from the small kitchen appliances on the kitchen countertops. There are many benefits associated with wireless power-enabled kitchen appliances.

Can we wirelessly power devices from long distances like we connect via WiFi?

Yes, one can wirelessly power/charge devices from long distances just as we connect via WiFi. Such technology was invented more than 100 years ago. Few types of long distance wireless power technologies include RF-based (Radio frequency); Infrared-based; Ultrasonic-based; mmWave-based (millimeter wave), Solar-power from Space, and others. Applications under consideration include low-power devices (IoT sensors, Electric-Shelf Labels, wearables) to medium/ high-power applications like consumer and medical devices. telecom base stations, satellites, and many others.

Does wireless power technology work on a single or different frequency levels?

Yes, there are various types of wireless power technologies differing based on the frequency levels. We have low-frequency (induction and resonance)-based solutions (using 25kHz-330kHz), high-frequency (resonance and NFC)-based solutions (using 6.78MHz-13.56MHz), and then ultra-high-frequency (RF, Infrared, Ultrasonic, mmWave)-based solutions (using 900MHz, 2.6GHz, 5.8GHz and higher). Each of these solutions, with its pros and cons, has its characteristics catering towards relevant application markets.

Which regulatory standards are crucial for power supply systems in our industry?

Adherence to regulatory standards is critical for power supply systems in our industry ensuring safety, reliability, and compliance with international and regional norms. Standards such as UL, IEC, and FCC play pivotal roles, addressing factors like electrical safety, electromagnetic compatibility, and communication protocols.

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QnA Set # 4

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How would you know if your medical power supplies are safe?

Power supplies for medical equipment must meet specific medical certifications such as IEC 60601-1, UL 60601-1, and EN 60601-1.These certifications ensure the reliability of the power supplies which is crucial in medical applications.

Where are the power supplies required in medical applications?

Power supplies are required for diagnostic and monitoring; surgical; home/consumer medical; and dental equipment. Also used for X-ray, MRI and CT Scan equipment, surgical bots, CPAP machines to dental lasers and drills. Each has unique power requirements, necessitating a sophisticated power management system.

What must I consider while choosing a medical power supply?

Reliability: Medical equipment must operate without interruption to ensure patient safety and effective treatment. Safety: Power supplies must comply with strict medical safety standards (e.g., IEC 60601-1) to protect patients and healthcare professionals. Isolation: Electrical isolation is crucial to prevent electrical shock and interference with sensitive medical equipment. Battery Backup: Many medical devices require battery backup to ensure continuous operation during power outages or mobility.

How do manufacturers ensure ingress protection in medical power supplies?

. While designing power supplies for medical applications they consider the following: - Sealed Enclosures: Use of hermetically sealed or gasketed enclosures to prevent dust and moisture ingress. - Material Selection: Employing materials that are resistant to corrosion, water, and dust penetration. Protective Coatings: Applying conformal coatings to circuit boards and other critical components to shield against moisture and dust. Ventilation Solutions: Designing appropriate ventilation without compromising ingress protection, often using filters or membranes.

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QnA Set # 5

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What are cooling systems in power supplies?

Power supplies can heat up due to inefficiencies in electrical components, leading to a drop in performance or permanent damage if not properly cooled. Cooling systems maintain optimal operating temperatures, improving reliability and prolonging the lifespan of the power supply. Cooling systems in power supplies are mechanisms designed to manage the heat generated during the conversion of electrical energy. They can range from simple heat sinks and thermal pads (passive cooling) to more advanced solutions like fan-based (active) or liquid cooling systems, depending on the heat output and the application’s cooling needs.

Why are cooling systems necessary in power supplies?

Prevent Overheating: overheating can degrade electronic components leading to reduced performance, system failure, or even safety hazards like fires. Maintaining Optimum Operating Temperature: Cooling systems keep power supply components within their optimal operating temperature range, which improves efficiency, reliability, and lifespan. A properly designed cooling system ensures that the power supply operates within safe temperature limits, thus maintaining efficiency and reliability over time. Without effective cooling, power supplies may suffer frequent shutdowns, reduced lifespan, and even permanent damage to sensitive internal components.

What types of cooling systems are used in power supplies?

Power supplies typically use two main types of cooling systems: passive and active. Passive cooling systems rely on natural airflow and heat dissipation through materials like heat sinks, which absorb and dissipate heat away from critical components. These systems have no moving parts and are quieter but may be less effective in high-power applications. Active cooling systems, use fans or liquid cooling to actively remove heat from the power supply. Active systems are more efficient at heat management, especially in high-power setups, but they consume more energy and may produce noise. Note that newer cooling topologies emerge which might not necessarily fit in either of these categories.

How does passive cooling work in power supplies?

Passive cooling in power supplies operates by using heat sinks and natural convection to dissipate heat. Heat sinks are metal structures designed to absorb heat from components like transformers and transistors. The large surface area of the heat sink helps transfer heat into the surrounding air, allowing the components to cool down without the need for fans or additional power. Passive cooling is commonly used in low-power applications where energy efficiency and noise reduction are priorities. However, it may not be suitable for high-power systems that require more aggressive cooling solutions.

What are the advantages of active cooling systems in power supplies?

Effective Temperature Control: Provides better heat management compared to passive cooling systems. Higher Power Handling: Capable of cooling power supplies with higher power outputs. Improved Efficiency: Keeps components at lower operating temperatures, enhancing overall system performance. Ideal for Demanding Environments: Suitable for applications like datacenters and industrial equipment where power supplies run under heavy loads for extended periods. Adaptability: Can cool power supplies in environments with higher heat generation. More Efficient Heat Dissipation: Uses fans or liquid cooling methods to actively remove heat from components faster than passive cooling systems.

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QnA Set # 6

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What is Rotating Wireless Power Transfer?

Rotating Wireless Power Transfer (RWPT) is a new technology that enables wireless charging between devices with rotating or dynamic motion, like drones, rotating machinery, slip rings, and moving vehicles without needing cables or direct contact. This technology can also be relevant for static devices with different designs (sizes) facilitating efficient alignment of the device with the wireless charger.

How does RWPT differ from traditional wireless charging technologies?

Traditional wireless charging typically requires the charging device to be stationary and aligned with the transmitter. RWPT, on the other hand, enables power transfer even if the receiving device is rotating or moving, offering greater flexibility and overcoming the limitations of static charging or alignment issues.

What are the main advantages of RWPT?

Key benefits of RWPT include: Continuous Power Supply: Devices can be charged or powered when in motion, enhancing operational efficiency. Reduced Wear and Tear: No physical connectors mean fewer mechanical issues, increasing the longevity of equipment. Improved Safety: Eliminates the need for exposed wiring, reducing electrical risks in hazardous or industrial environments. Versatility: Useful in complex applications where static charging is impractical, such as drones, rotating machinery, or medical devices.

How does RWPT enhance the user experience in everyday life?

In consumer applications, RWPT can make wireless charging more convenient. For example, it could allow wearables, like smartwatches or fitness trackers, to be charged even while being worn or in use, of each of different form-factor, ensuring that users don’t experience downtime or un-interoperability.

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QnA Set # 7

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What is the SAE J2954 standard?

SAE J2954 is a standard for wireless EV charging, specifying requirements for safe, efficient, and interoperable wireless charging of light-duty electric vehicles (EVs) using designated charging pads.

How does SAE J2954 address charging efficiency, and why is it important?

SAE J2954 achieves up to 93% charging efficiency by optimizing power transfer technology, which minimizes energy losses during wireless EV charging. This high efficiency is critical for reducing overall energy consumption and decreasing charging time, making the process more practical for daily EV use. Efficiency in charging is essential not only to improve user experience by saving time but also to promote sustainable energy use, as less power is wasted. This aligns with broader environmental goals, as higher efficiency reduces the demand on power grids and lowers associated emissions.

Can SAE J2954 support EV charging in extreme weather conditions?

The J2954 standard ensures that wireless charging systems remain functional in a wide range of weather conditions, from rain and snow to extreme temperatures. The Differential Inductive Positioning System (DIPS) allows for automatic alignment between the vehicle and the ground pad, even if there is snow or debris. This feature is particularly beneficial for users in regions with harsh climates, as it offers a reliable and hassle-free charging solution without requiring physical connections. Enhanced weather resilience means EV users can trust that their charging system will operate safely and effectively, rain or shine.

How will future J2954 updates potentially impact energy grids?

Planned updates to the J2954 standard include support for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, allowing EVs to send stored power back to the grid. V2G functionality could have a profound impact on energy management, especially during peak demand. By connecting EVs as potential energy sources, the grid can achieve greater stability and flexibility, which is particularly beneficial during energy shortages or high-demand periods. Additionally, V2G offers new incentives for EV owners who can sell energy back to the grid, helping to create a more dynamic and resilient energy ecosystem while supporting the transition to renewable energy.

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QnA Set # 8

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Why are Energy Storage Systems (ESS) crucial for datacenters?

ESS for datacentres are essential because they provide backup power, stabilize power fluctuations, and support sustainability initiatives by integrating renewable energy sources like solar and wind. These systems also ensure operational continuity, improve energy efficiency, and minimize downtime during outages or grid instability.

What role do inverters play in Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) for datacenters?

Inverters are critical in BESS as they convert DC power stored in batteries into AC power for use by datacenter equipment. Bi-directional inverters, in particular, allow energy to flow both ways - charging the battery (AC to DC) and discharging stored energy (DC to AC). This functionality is vital for balancing power within datacenters and integrating renewable energy sources.

What are the key growth DRIVERS for power supplies in the energy storage units in datacenters?

The key growth drivers are: Renewable Energy Integration: Power supplies are evolving to accommodate variable inputs from sources like solar and wind. Grid Stability and Load Balancing: Energy storage units alleviate strain on local power grids during peak demand. Energy Efficiency and Cost Management: Advanced power supplies reduce energy losses, translating to lower operational costs and improved efficiency.

What CHALLENGES are faced by power supplies used for Energy Storage Systems in datacenters?

The main challenges are: High Initial Costs: Implementing advanced power supplies and integrating them with ESS can be expensive. Complex System Management: Managing sophisticated power supplies requires specialized knowledge and tools to ensure optimal performance.

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QnA Set # 9

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What are bidirectional EVs?

Bidirectional EVs are electric vehicles that can both, charge their batteries from the grid and discharge/transfer power back to the grid or home or other devices. This technology is commonly referred to as "Vehicle-To-Grid" (V2G), "Vehicle-To-Home" (V2H), or "Vehicle-To-Load" (V2L). Multiple use cases are referred as “Vehicle-To Many” (V2X). V2G sends power back to the grid to assist in stabilization and participation in energy markets. V2H powers a home during outages or optimizes energy costs. V2L directly powers devices or appliances, useful for activities like camping or remote usage.

What are the benefits of bidirectional EVs?

Energy Management: Helps stabilize the grid by providing electricity during peak demand periods. Cost Savings: Reduces electricity bills by allowing users to discharge power during high-cost periods and charge during low-cost periods. Emergency Power Supply: Offers home backup power during outages (V2H). Renewable Energy Integration: Facilitates the storage of excess energy from solar or wind sources for later use.

Is bidirectional charging cost-effective for EV owners?

The level of cost-effectiveness varies based on local electricity tariffs and incentives. In areas with dynamic pricing or V2G incentives, EV owners may earn money or lower their costs by participating in energy programs.

What challenges towards scaling bidirectional EV technology?

High Initial Costs: The cost of compatibility between bidirectional chargers and EVs is currently expensive. Regulatory Hurdles: Lack of standardized policies for V2G. Battery Degradation Concerns: Consumer apprehension about battery lifespan. Infrastructure Gaps: Limited availability of bidirectional charging stations. Grid Compatibility: Integrating EVs into legacy grid systems.

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QnA Set # 10

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What is NFC Wireless Charging (NFC WLC) and how does it work?

NFC Wireless Charging (NFC WLC) is a technology that uses near-field communication to wirelessly transfer energy for charging small IoT and wearable devices. It operates in the low power spectrum and uses a single small antenna, approximately 1 sq cm in area, to facilitate wireless energy harvesting. NFC WLC enables devices to be charged either via a dedicated charger or through an NFC-enabled device, such as a smartphone.

What are the advantages of NFC-driven wireless charging over other methods?

NFC-driven wireless charging offers several advantages: Compact Design: Uses a single small antenna instead of large coils, making it ideal for compact devices like earbuds or fitness trackers. Flexibility: Enables charging from any NFC-enabled device. Eco-Friendly: Reduces the need for separate chargers and cables, saving resources. Streamlined Products: Allows for hermetically sealed designs, improving water and dirt resistance and facilitating use in industrial and medical applications.

What is the current power delivery capability of NFC WLC, and how might it evolve?

As per the NFC Forum, NFC WLC currently delivers a charging speed of up to 2W. Future advancements in the technology are expected to exceed this limit by a few more watts, broadening its applications and efficiency in powering small devices.

How does NFC WLC benefit manufacturers and developers?

NFC WLC provides several benefits to manufacturers and developers: Cost Savings: Eliminates the need for including chargers and cables in product packaging. Innovative Designs: Frees developers from the limitations of plugs or pogo pins, enabling more streamlined and sealed designs. Simplified Production: Reduces complexity in device assembly, lowering manufacturing costs. New Applications: Expands possibilities for NFC-enabled products across industries such as healthcare, personal care, and logistics.